The development
of information technology nowadays is the most thing that we need to pay
attention on it. In the past, we already know that computer is a machine that
used for counting only but right now computer became a multifunctional object
that used with not just one thing. In
this era, computer have so many different type such as mobile phone. We can say
that mobile phone is the smallest version of computer that operated with just
one of our hands. If in the past mobile phone is just an object to connect one
people with another people by voice call and sending text message only, in this
era mobile phone can do more than mobile phone in the past. There is so many
feature that we can compare between both of them such as in this era we can do
browsing and chatting by internet connection, we can listen the music by mp3
player or radio, playing games and watching many videos with just one mobile
phone.
Smartphone is
the name for mobile phone nowadays. Like I said before, we can do more with
just one mobile phone. Smartphone is usually have one operating system.
Operating system (OS) is a software that managing hardware and software
resources and it role as daemon for computer’s program. A common operating
system in smartphone is iOS, Blackberry OS, Windows Phone and the last one is
Android OS. iOS is one of operating system that developed and distributed by
Apple Inc. This operating system is launched in 2007 for iPhone and iPod Touch.
It also developed to support another Apple’s devices such as iPad and Apple TV
and the second one is BlackBerry OS that developed by Research In Motion to
blackberry company especially for smartphone. This operating system provide
multitasking and support special input devices that adopted by RIM to use in
handheld, especially trackwheel, trackball, and the commonly used right now is
trackpad and touchscreen. Then windows phone is an operating system developed
by Microsoft and it became windows mobile platform alternate because windows
mobile is not compatible anymore. Windows phone is launched on October 2010 and
launched on beginning of 2011 in asia. With windows phone, Microsoft created
new user interface using its designed language named Modern Style UI. The last
one is Android OS that linux based. It designed for touchscreen devices such as
smartphone and pc tablet. In the beginning, android is developed by Android Inc
with financial support from Google and in the end, google buy android in 2005.
This operating system is officially released in 2007 coincide with Open Handset
Alliance establishment, a consortium of hardware, software and
telecommunication company. The first sale of android mobile is on October 2008.
Android’s user interface is commonly live manipulation, using touch movement
such as swiping to object manipulated on screen and also virtual keyboard to
write down the text.
In this case, I
will explain about the version of android that we commonly used. The version of
android’s name is come from the names of dessert like cupcake, donut, eclairs,
froyo (frozen yoghurt), gingerbread, honeycomb, ice cream sandwich, jelly bean,
kitkat, lollipop, marshmallow, nougat and the newest version name is oreo.
Everybody must know oreo. Oreo is one of the most delicious chocolate biscuits. Android "Oreo" (codenamed Android O during development) is the eighth major version of the Android operating system. It was first released as an alpha quality developer preview in March 2017 and released to the public on August 21,
2017. It contains a number of major features, including notification grouping, picture-in-picture support for video,
performance improvements and battery usage optimization, and support for autofillers, Bluetooth 5, system-level integration with VoIP apps, wide color gamuts, and Wi-Fi Aware.
Android Oreo also introduces two major platform features: Android Go – a
software distribution of the operating system for low-end devices – and support
for implementing ahardware abstraction layer.
Android Oreo was internally codenamed Oatmeal Cookie. On March 21, 2017, Google released the
first developer preview of Android "O",available for the Nexus
5X, Nexus
6P, Nexus
Player, Pixel
C, and both Pixel smartphones. The second, considered beta
quality, was released May 17, 2017. The third developer preview was released on June
8, 2017 and offered a finalized version of the API. DP3 finalized the release's API to API
level 26, changed the camera UI,
reverted the Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity levels in the status bar back to
Wi-Fi left, added themed notifications, added a battery animation in Settings:
Battery, a new icon and darker background for the Clock app, and a teardrop
icon shape for apps. On July 24, 2017, a fourth developer preview was released which
included the final system behaviors and the latest bug fixes and optimizations.
Android "O" was officially released on August 21, 2017 under the name
"Oreo".
Its lawn
statue was
unveiled at a promotional event across from Chelsea Market in New York City—a
building which formerly housed a Nabisco factory where Oreo cookies were
first produced. Factory images were made available for compatible Pixel and
Nexus devices later that day. The Sony Xperia XZ1 and Sony
Xperia XZ1 Compact were
the first devices available with Oreo pre-installed. Android 8.1 was released
in December 2017 for Pixel and Nexus devices, which features minor bug fixes
and user interface changes.
Some
features of android version named oreo is :
User experience
Notifications can
be snoozed, and batched into topic-based groups known as
"channels". Android Oreo contains integrated support
for picture-in-picture modes (supported in the YouTube app for YouTube Red subscribers). The "Settings"
app features a new design, with a white theme and deeper categorization of
different settings, while its ringtone, alarm and notification sound
settings now contain an option for adding custom sounds to the list.
The Android 8.1
update supports the display of battery percentages for connected Bluetooth devices, makes the notification shade
slightly translucent, and dims the on-screen navigation keys in order to reduce
the possibility of burn-in.
Platform
Android Oreo
adds support for Neighborhood Aware Networking (NAN) for Wi-Fi based
on Wi-Fi Aware, Bluetooth 5, wide color gamuts in apps, an API for autofillers, multiprocess and Google Safe Browsing support for WebViews, an API to
allow system-level integration for VoIP apps,
and launching activities on remote displays. Android Runtime (ART) features performance
improvements and better cache handling. Android Oreo contains
additional limits on apps' background activities in order to improve battery
life. Apps can specify "adaptive icons" for differently-shaped
containers specified by themes, such as circles, squares, and squircles.
Android Oreo
supports new emoji that were included in the Unicode 10 standard. A new emoji font was also
introduced, which notably redesigns its face figures to use a traditional
circular shape, as opposed to the "blob" design that was introduced
on KitKat.
The underlying
architecture of Android was revised so that low-level, vendor-specific code for
supporting a device's hardware can be separated from the Android OS framework
using a hardware abstraction
layer known as
the "vendor interface". Vendor interfaces must be made forward compatible with future versions of Android;
this theoretically allows the quicker development and deployment of Android
updates for devices, as vendors would only need to make the necessary
modifications to their bundled software. All devices shipping with Oreo
must support a vendor interface, but this feature is optional for devices being
updated to Oreo from an earlier version. The "seamless updates"
system introduced in Android 7.0 was also modified to download update files directly
to the system partition, rather than requiring them to be downloaded to the
user partition first. This reduces storage space requirements for system
updates.
Android Oreo
introduces a new automatic repair system known as "Rescue Party"; if
the operating system detects that core system components are persistently
crashing during startup, it will automatically perform a series of escalating
repair steps. If all automatic repair steps are exhausted, the device will
reboot into recovery mode and offer to perform a factory reset.
The Android 8.1
update also introduces a neural network API, which is designed to
"[provide] apps with hardware acceleration for on-device machine learning operations." This API is designed
for use with machine learning platforms such as TensorFlow Lite, and specialized co-processors such
as the Pixel Visual Core (featured in Google's Pixel 2 smartphones, but dormant until 8.1 is
installed), but it also provides a CPU fallback mode.
Android Go
A tailored
distribution for low-end devices known as Android Go was unveiled for Oreo; it
is intended for devices with 1 GB of RAM or less. This mode has platform optimizations
designed to reduce mobile data usage (including enabling Data Saver mode by
default), and a special suite of Google Mobile
Services designed to
be less resource- and bandwidth-intensive. The Google Play Store will also highlight lightweight apps
suited for these devices.
The operating
system's interface is also modified, with the quick settings panel providing
greater prominence to information regarding the battery, mobile data limit, and
available storage, the recent apps menu using a modified layout and being
limited to four apps (in order to reduce RAM consumption), and an API for
allowing mobile carriers to implement data tracking and top-ups within the
Android settings menu. Google Play Services was also modularized to reduce
its memory footprint. Android Go was made available to OEMs for Android 8.1.
Security
Android Oreo
re-brands automatic scanning of Google Play Store and sideloaded apps as
"Google Play Protect", and gives the feature, as well as Find My
Device (formerly Android Device Manager) higher prominence in the Security menu
of the Settings app. As opposed to a single, system-wide setting for enabling
the installation of apps from sources outside of the Google Play Store, this
function is now implemented as a permission that can be granted to individual
apps (i.e. clients for third-party app repositories such as Amazon Appstore and F-Droid). Verified boot now includes a "Rollback
Protection" feature, which enforces a restriction on rolling back the
device to a previous version of Android, aimed at avoiding a potential thief
from bypassing security measures by installing a previous version of the
operating system that doesn't have them in place.
Sources :
THEORY
In linguistics and grammar,
a pronoun (abbreviated pro) is a word
that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.
It is a particular case of a pro-form.
Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech,
but some modern theorists would not consider them to form a single class, in
view of the variety of functions they perform. Subtypes include personal pronouns,
reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, possessive
pronouns, demonstrative
pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative
pronouns, and indefinite
pronouns.
ANALYSIS
|
Pronouns Type
|
Sentence
|
In Paragraph or lines
|
|
Demonstrative
|
In this
era
|
Paragraph 1, lines 3
|
|
Demonstrative
|
Pixel and Nexus devices later that day
|
Paragraph 5, lines 12
|
|
Demonstrative
|
Paragraph 14, lines 5
|
|
|
Indefinite
|
Everybody
must know oreo
|
Paragraph 3, lines 4
|
|
Indefinite
|
Some features
of android version named oreo is
|
Paragraph 6, lines 1
|
|
Indefinite
|
All devices shipping with Oreo must
support a vendor interface
|
Paragraph 10, lines 6
|
|
Interrogative
|
a fourth developer preview was released which included the final system
behaviors and the latest bug fixes and optimizations
|
Paragraph 5, lines 8
|
|
Interrogative
|
Paragraph 5, lines 11
|
|
|
Reciprocal
|
to connect one people with another people by voice call and
sending text message only
|
Paragraph 1, lines 6
|
CONCLUSION
Android is the
most popular operating system and the most commonly operating system that we
used. There’s so many features of it. Android is user friendly which means we
can operate it for any ages.
